Validation of the inventory: lockdown and its impact on the university Community.

BACKGROUND: Significant consequences of COVID-19 within academic/professional life are, at the psychological level, related to worry, tension, stress; coping strategies and lifestyle changes. This study describes the process of design and validation of an inventory (QPIC), which aims to assess the psychological impact that a situation of confinement can produce among university students and teachers. METHODS: Design of the instrument and psychometric tests. A sample of 862 students and 229 professors affiliated to Spanish and Colombian universities was used. Data were collected in April 2020 with the request of the favourable Bioethics Committee IR/2020. RESULTS: Six experts carried out the content validation. A confirmatory factor analysis of the theoretical dimensions proposed for the scales was performed and the internal consistency of each of the three initial scales was confirmed (0.866, 0.813 and 0.834). CONCLUSION: A rigorous and reliable instrument is achieved, consisting of two final scales: (a) Worry, tension and stress scale (b) Coping scale, which helps to measure individual psychological effects in housebound situations. It is an instrument designed, constructed ad hoc to assess the impact of confinement and subjected to validation. The factor structure and reliability of the instrument are examined and good psychometric properties are obtained. The application of this inventory will make it possible to assess the impact on people's mental health during a period of confinement.

Perfiles de Personalidad en adolescentes con Trastornos por Ansiedad en Población General y Clínica / Personality Profiles in Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders in General and Clinical population

La personalidad es el trasfondo que determina la forma de pensar, sentir y comportarse e influye en la psicopatología. En este contexto, resulta relevante el estudio de la relación entre personalidad y ansiedad en la adolescencia. El principal objetivo de nuestro estudio es analizar las diferencias entre casos con Trastornos por Ansiedad (TA) y una muestra de población general (PG) en los diferentes perfiles / prototipos de personalidad (PRP) derivados del el Inventario clínico para adolescentes de Millon (MACI). Un segundo objetivo fue estudiar el modelo más parsimonioso de PRP capaz de predecir TA. Para responder a estos objetivos se utilizó un diseño observacional analítico y se realizó un muestreo aleatorio de adolescentes en PG (n = 461) y consecutivo de pacientes con TA, valorados según criterios DSM-5 (n = 77). Los instrumentos de medida utilizados fueron el MACI y Adolescent Symptom Inventory. Los PRP Introvertidos, Inhibidos, Pesimistas, Sumisos, Oposicionistas, Autopunitivos y Límites presentan una media significativamente mayor en TA y los PRP Histriónico y Egocéntrico en PG. El modelo más parsimonioso de PRP que mejor predice TA está conformado por tener mayor edad y los PRP más límite y menos rebelde. El estudio ofrece una imagen novedosa de los PRP en casos de TA que invitan a su estudio clínico, favoreciendo nuevos caminos de investigación que incluyan la personalidad en la heterogeneidad del trastorno. (AU)

Personality is the background that determines the way we think, feel and behave and influences psychopathology. In this context, the study of the relationship between personality and anxiety in adolescence is important. The main objective of our study is to analyse the differences between cases with Anxiety Disorders (AD) and a sample of general population (GP) in the different personality profiles / prototypes (PRP) derived from the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). Secondary objective: to study the most parsimonious predictive model of PRP to predict AD. To respond to these objectives, an observational analytical design was used and a random sampling of adolescents in GP (n = 461) and consecutive sampling of patients with AD, assessed according to DSM-5 criteria (n = 77) was performed. The measurement instruments used were the MACI and the Adolescent Symptom Inventory. Introverted, Inhibited, Doleful, Submissive, Oppositional, Self-demeaning and Borderline PRPs present a significantly higher mean in AD and the Dramatizing and Egotistic PRPs in GP. The most parsimonious PRP model that best predicts AD is shaped by having older age and the most Borderline and least Unruly PRPs. The study offers a novel picture of PRPs in AD cases that invite their clinical study, favoring new paths of research that include personality in the heterogeneity of the disorder. (AU)

Efficacy of EMDR in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has spread, in both the number of publications and professionals who use this technique in the clinical setting. The objective of this meta-analysis was to verify the efficacy of EMDR in treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. METHOD: Based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 18 articles were selected ( n = 1213 subjects), published between 1991-2022. RESULTS: The effect sizes found in the meta-analysis were small in the reduction of symptoms associated with PTSD, anxiety and depression, both in post-treatment and in maintenance. The analysis of the moderating variables revealed that both intervention time, the number and duration of the sessions, the experience of the therapist, and the type of therapist in charge of the intervention play an important role in the size of the final effect. No statistically significant data were found in the meta-regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Although the study had restrictive criteria for study selection, there is a certain risk of bias in the selected articles, which lack sufficient methodological quality to be extrapolated to the clinical field.

Rasgos de personalidad en adolescentes con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad / Personality traits in adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Antecedentes: Existen pocos estudios que relacionen personalidad y trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) en adolescentes. Objetivo: estudiar diferencias entre casos con TDAH y población general en prototipos de personalidad (PRP) derivados del Inventario clínico para adolescentes de Millon (MACI). Material y Método: Diseño observacional analítico. Muestreo aleatorio en población general (n = 461) y consecutivo de pacientes con TDAH valorados según criterios DSM-5 (n = 85), en adolescentes entre 13 y 17 años. Instrumentos de medida: MACI y Adolescent Symptom Inventory. Resultados: los PRP Pesimista, Rudo, Rebelde, Oposicionista, Autopunitivo y Límite presentan una media significativamente mayor en TDAH y los PRP Sumiso y Conformista, en población general. El modelo de PRP que mejor prediceTDAH está conformado por tener sexo masculino y los PRP Rudo, Límite, Sumiso y Autopunitivo, clasificando el 82.4% de los casos. Conclusión: Los casos de TDAH tienen PRP diferenciales con la población general que invitan a su estudio clínico e intervención terapéutica. El estudio ofrece una imagen novedosa de los PRP en casos de TDAH y abre nuevos caminos de investigación que incluyan la personalidad al explicar la heterogeneidad del trastorno. (AU)

Background: There are few studies linking personality and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adolescents. Research objective: to study differences between cases with ADHD and the general population in personality prototypes (PRP) derived from the Millon Clinical Inventory for Adolescents (MACI). Material and Method: Analytical observational design. Random sampling in the general population (n = 461) and consecutive of patients with ADHD evaluated according to DSM-5 criteria (n = 85), in adolescents between 13 and 17 years old. Measurement instruments: MACI and Adolescent Symptom Inventory. Results: ADHD presents a significantly higher mean in Doleful, Forceful, Unruly, Oppositional, Self-demeaning and Borderline PRP and the general population in Submissive and Conforming PRP. The PRP model that best predicts ADHD includes male sex and the Forceful, Borderline, Submissive and Self-demeaning PRP. The model classifies 82.4% of the cases. Conclusion. ADHD cases have differential PRP in comparison with the general population, which invites their clinical study and therapeutic intervention. The study offers a novel image of PRP in ADHD and opens new lines of research that include personality when explaining the heterogeneity of the disorder. (AU)

Efficacy of EMDR in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials / Eficacia del EMDR en el Trastorno de Estrés Post-traumático: una Revisión Sistemática y Meta-análisis de Ensayos Clínicos Aleatorizados

Background: In recent years, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has spread, in both the number of publications and professionals who use this technique in the clinical setting. The objective of this meta-analysis was to verify the efficacy of EMDR in treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Method: Based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 18 articles were selected (n = 1213 subjects), published between 1991-2022. Results: The effect sizes found in the meta-analysis were small in the reduction of symptoms associated with PTSD, anxiety and depression, both in post-treatment and in maintenance. The analysis of the moderating variables revealed that both intervention time, the number and duration of the sessions, the experience of the therapist, and the type of therapist in charge of the intervention play an important role in the size of the final effect. No statistically significant data were found in the meta-regression analysis. Conclusions: Although the study had restrictive criteria for study selection, there is a certain risk of bias in the selected articles, which lack sufficient methodological quality to be extrapolated to the clinical field.(AU)

Antecedentes: En los últimos años la desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimientos oculares (EMDR) se está extendiendo tanto en su número de publicaciones como de profesionales que utilizan esta técnica en el ámbito clínico. El presente meta-análisis tiene como objetivo comprobar la eficacia del EMDR en el tratamiento del trastorno de estrés post-traumático. Método: A partir de los criterios de inclusión/exclusión fueron seleccionados 18 artículos (n = 1213 sujetos), entre los años 1991-2022. Resultados: Los tamaños del efecto hallados en el meta-análisis fueron pequeños en la reducción de síntomas asociados al TEPT, ansiosos y depresivos, tanto en el pos-tratamiento como en el mantenimiento. El análisis de las variables moderadoras reveló que el tiempo de intervención, el número y la duración de las sesiones, la veteranía del terapeuta y el tipo de terapeuta encargado de la intervención juegan un papel importante en el tamaño del efecto final. No se encontraron datos estadísticamente significativos en el análisis de la metarregresión. Conclusiones: Sin embargo, aunque el estudio cuenta con criterios restrictivos en cuanto a la selección de los estudios, existe cierto riesgo de sesgo en los artículos seleccionados que carecen de una calidad metodológica suficiente para ser extrapolados al ámbito clínico.(AU)

Personalidad en adolescentes en muestra general y clínica / Personality in adolescents in a general and clinical sample

El objetivo principal del estudio fue analizar las diferencias entre muestra general y clínica en los prototipos de personalidad (PRP) del “Inventario clínico para adolescentes de Millón” (MACI). La metodología incluyó un diseño observacional y analítico, utilizando un muestreo de participantes (13-17 años) aleatorio polietápico, estratificado y proporcional por conglomerados en muestra general (n= 461) y un muestreo consecutivo en muestra clínica (n= 219). Encontramos que los PRP introvertido, inhibido, pesimista, rudo, oposicionista, autopunitivo y límite presentan una media significativamente mayor en muestra clínica y los PRP histriónico y conformista en muestra general. Se observa ausencia de diferencias significativas en los PRP egocéntrico, sumiso y rebelde. En la variable sexo observamos más diferencias significativas de PRP en muestra clínica que en la general y en la variable edad encontramos una tendencia lineal significativa descendente en los PRP sumiso o conformista y ascendente en los PRP rebelde y rudo en muestra general. El clínico debe estar alerta ante la interpretación de los PRP del MACI que no diferencian entre muestra general y clínica. (AU)

The main objective of the study was to analyze the differences between samples from general and clinical sample in personality prototypes (PRP), derived from the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). The methodology included an analytical and observational design with a random, multi-stage, stratified and proportional cluster sampling in general sample (n= 461) and consecutive sampling of clinical sample (n= 219), in adolescents between 13 and 17 years of age. We found introvert, inhibited, doleful, forceful, oppositional, self-demeaning and borderline PRP in the clinical sample and dramatizing and conforming PRP in the general sample present a significantly higher mean. There is a relevant absence of significant differences in egotistic, submissive and unruly PRP. By sex, more significant differences in PRP are observed in the clinical sample. By age, a significant downward linear trend in the submissive and conforming PRP is observed, as well as an upward trend in the unruly and forceful PRP in the general sample. The clinician must be alert in the interpretation of the MACI PRP that do not differentiate between general and clinical samples. (AU)

Pilot Study on the Effects of the Teaching Interpersonal Skills Program for Teens Program (PEHIA).

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Social skills are essential in adolescence, both for their relational dimension and for their influence on other areas of adolescent life, so it is essential to include Social skills in the formal education of students. METHOD: This paper presents the results of an experimental mixed factorial design pilot study in which an Interpersonal Skills Training Program for Adolescents (PEHIA) was applied. The convenience sample consisted of 51 adolescents. An evaluation was carried out before and after the intervention, using the CEDIA (Adolescent Interpersonal Difficulties Assessment Questionnaire) and SAS-A (Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents) questionnaires. RESULTS: The mixed factorial ANOVA show significant differences in the overall measures and in most of the subscales of both questionnaires, indicating that PEHIA is effectiveness, at least in the short term. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in assertiveness, interpersonal relationships and public speaking suggest that the program is feasible and shows promising results in reducing anxiety. However, a larger scale study should be conducted.

A systematic review on nomophobia prevalence: Surfacing results and standard guidelines for future research.

BACKGROUND: Mobile phones allow us to stay connected with others and provide us a sense of security. We can work, chat with family and friends, take pictures, buy clothes or books, and even control home appliances. They play such a significant role in our lives that we feel anxious without them. In some cases, the relationship between humans and these communication devices have become problematic. Nomophobia (NMP) is the fear of becoming incommunicable, separated from the mobile phone and losing connection to the Internet. Since this social phobia was coined in the first decade of the XXI century, a growing number of studies have studied it and reported the prevalence of this technology-related problem. However, this research activity has generated mixed results regarding how we assess and report nomophobia and who may be at a higher risk of suffering or developing it. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of 108 studies published in English and Spanish and collected them in Parsifal. We searched for assessment and prevalence data on nomophobia. Also, we looked at gender and age differences to identify risk factors and see if these differences exist and emerge worldwide. RESULTS: In this study, we find that women and younger individuals suffer more from nomophobia. The disparity in reporting the prevalence of nomophobia is enormous since the percentages of "at-risk" participants go from 13% to 79%, and participants suffering from it are between 6% and 73%, being the score in the range of 45.5 and 93.82. Within the group of nomophobic people, moderate cases vary between 25.7% and 73.3%, and severe cases, between 1% and 87%. Such disparity is due to differences in assessment criteria. Females and young people seem to be more vulnerable to nomophobia although methodological disparity makes it difficult to reach definitive conclusions. We conclude our review by recommending some common guidelines for guiding future research.

Eficacia de dos tratamientos cognitivoconductuales en personas con fibromialgia y afectación emocional / Efficacy of two cognitive-behavioral treatments in people with fibromyalgia and emotional involvement

La fibromialgia afecta en gran medida a la calidad de vida de las personas que la sufren, así como a su funcionalidad, especialmente si la persona presenta síntomas comórbidos de ansiedad y/o depresión, lo que resalta la importancia del tratamiento psicológico. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar la eficacia de dos tratamientos cognitivo-conductuales breves en personas con diagnóstico de fibromialgia y con afectación emocional. Participaron un total de 44 personas (42 mujeres y 2 hombres) divididos en dos grupos de tratamiento: uno de ellos elaborado únicamente con componentes convencionales de la terapia cognitivo-conductual (grupo A) y el otro con los mismos componentes más un componente añadido de expresión emocional a través del dibujo (grupo B). Se encontraron puntuaciones significativamente mejores (p < 0,05) después de aplicar cualquiera de los dos tratamientos en las siguientes áreas: funcionalidad, percepción del dolor, ansiedad, depresión, catastrofismo, miedo al movimiento, estrategias de afrontamiento activo y percepción de autoeficacia. Se concluye que los resultados obtenidos apoyan la eficacia de ambos tratamientos cognitivo conductuales para personas con fibromialgia y afectación emocional

Fibromyalgia largely affects the life quality of people suffering from it, as well as its functionality, especially if the person has comorbid symptoms of anxiety and/or depression, which highlights the importance of psychological treatment. The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of two brief cognitive-behavioral treatments in people with a fibromyalgia diagnosis and emotional involvement. A total of 44 people enrolled in the study (42 female, 2 male), divided within two treatment groups: one of them made only with conventional components of cognitive-behavioral therapy (group A) and the other with the same components plus an added component of emotional expression through drawing (group B). Significantly better scores were found (p < 0.05) after applying any of the two treatments in the following areas: functionality, pain perception, anxiety, depression, catastrophism, fear of movement, active coping strategies and self-efficacy perception. It is concluded that the results obtained support the efficacy of both cognitive-behavioral treatments for people with fibromyalgia and emotional involvement

Revisión sistemática de la eficacia de los tratamientos basados en mindfulness para los trastornos de ansiedad / Systematic review of the efficacy of mindfulness-based therapy for anxiety disorders

En los últimos 20 años ha crecido el interés por los tratamientos basados en mindfulness. El objetivo de este trabajo fue hacer una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía científica actual que mostrara la evidencia disponible respecto a la eficacia de los tratamientos psicológicos basados en mindfulness cuando son aplicados específicamente en trastornos de ansiedad. De diversas bases de datos se obtuvieron 269 artículos potencialmente relevantes, de los cuales se seleccionaron 8 que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. El análisis de estos estudios sugiere que las intervenciones psicológicas basadas en mindfulness son un tratamiento eficaz para los trastornos de ansiedad generalizada, angustia, fobia social y estrés postraumático, cuando son usadas como coadyuvantes del tratamiento farmacológico. Aun así se plantea la necesidad de realizar estudios que, mediante un control metodológico riguroso, permitan el establecimiento de conclusiones sólidas respecto de la eficacia de este de tipo intervenciones para el tratamiento de trastornos de ansiedad

During the last 20 years, interest in mindfulness-based therapy has grown. The objective of this study was to systematically review the current scientific literature that shows evidence concerning the efficacy of mindfulness-based psychological therapy when applied specifically to the treatment of anxiety disorders. A total of 269 potentially relevant articles were gathered from various databases. Of these, 8 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The analysis of these studies suggests that mindfulness-based psychological therapy is efficacious in the treatment of general anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder when they are used in conjunction with pharmacological treatments. Nevertheless, the authors suggest the need for further studies that, following rigorous methodological review, would allow firm conclusions to be reached concerning the efficacy of this type of treatment for anxiety disorders

Definición del constructo ansiedad ante los exámenes en estudiantes universitarios / Definition of the construct test anxiety in university students

La definición del constructo ansiedad ante los exámenes, ha sido controvertida y no existe un acuerdo unánime. Este es el motivo que nos ha llevado a proponer una definición que, por una parte, está enmarcada dentro de la conceptualización de Spielberger actualmente en vigor y, por otra parte, distingue entre dos tipos de estudiantes: aquellos que, aludiendo a Wolpe (1958), sufren ansiedad racional de aquellos que sufren ansiedad irracional. El objeto de nuestra definición son aquellos estudiantes que sufren ansiedad irracional ante los exámenes, es decir, se trata de estudiantes que en la situación de examen, a pesar de prepararse adecuadamente, sufren un miedo debilitante que tiene como consecuencia una ejecución académica inferior a la óptima, o la puesta en escena de conductas de evitación

The definition of the construct test anxiety has been controversial and there is no unanimous agreement. This is the reason why we have proposed a definition that, on the one hand, is within Spielberger's conceptualization currently in force, and on the other hand, makes a distinction between two types of students; those who, quoting Wolpe (1958), suffer from rational anxiety and those who suffer from irrational anxiety. Our definition is aimed at those students who suffer from irrational test anxiety, that is, students who, in exam situations, despite being well-prepared, suffer from a weakening fear that results in a lower academic performance or even leads to avoidance behaviors

Validez de un modelo reducido de items del DSM-IV según respuesta de padres y profesores en el diagnóstico del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad Combinado / Validity of a reduced model of items of DSM-IV criteria according to the parents’ and teachers’ responses in the diagnostic of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Combined Type

Objetivo: Buscar un modelo reducido de síntomas del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad Combinado (TDAH-C), que presente adecuada validez de criterio para el diagnóstico del trastorno. Metodología: Contexto de estudio epidemiológico. Muestra de 1095 casos entre 6 y 16 años [4.38 % TDAH-C]. Selección de casos con primera fase psicométrica de sospecha TDAH-C que requiere que ADHD RS-IV, implementado por padres (PA) y profesores (PR), supere el PC 90. Segunda fase: Los casos seleccionados se evalúan mediante entrevista clínica modelo DISC-IV (DSM-IV) para confirmar TDAH-C. Se implementa regresión logística para buscar modelo parsimonioso de ítems que permita predecir TDAH-C. Resultados: El modelo de ítems que permite predecir TDAH-C contiene 8 de 36 ítems del ADHD RS-IV contestados por PA y PR. Considerando odss ratio del modelo de regresión logística, los ítems del ADHD RS-IV presentan un ranking de 15PR > 1PA > 16PR > 12PA > 17PA > 10PA > 14PA > 4PR. El modelo presenta validez de criterio para TDAH-C clínico (sensibilidad: 97.9 %. Especifidad: 93.8%. Razón de verosimilitud: 16.02). Conclusiones: Es posible reducir la lista de síntomas de TDAH-C con buena validez de criterio, manteniendo los que proporcionan mayor discriminación entre TDAH-C y población general

Main Objective: To look for a reduced model of symptoms of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder combined type (ADHD-C), that shows suitable levels of criterion validity for the diagnostic of the disease. Methods: Epidemiological study. Sample of 1095 children between 6 and 16 years. First stage: psicometric study using ADHD RS-IV answered by parents (P) and teachers (T). ADHD is suspected when both questionnaires are over 90th percentile. Second stage: Clinical interview DISC-IV (DSM-IV) only in those selected cases to confirm ADHD-C. Logistic regression is implemented to find the most parsimonious model to predict ADHD-C. Results: The model that predicts clinical ADHD-C consists of 8 of the 36 items of the ADHD RS-IV answered by P and T. If we consider the Odds Ratio obtained by regression, the items present a ranking of: 15 T> 1 P> 16 T> 12 P> 17 P> 10 P> 14 P> 4 T. The model has criterion validity for symptomatic ADHD-C (sensitivity: 97.9%. Specificity: 93.8%. Likelihood ratio: 16.02). Conclusions: It is possible to reduce the list of symptoms of ADHD-C with good criterion validity, removing redundant items and keeping those that provide greater discrimination between ADHD-C and the general population

Utilidad de un modelo estadístico de estilos cognitivos en el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad / Utility of a statistical model of cognitive styles in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

El objetivo de este estudio fue buscar el mejor modelo estadístico de estilos cognitivos, basado en las pruebas MFFT-20, CEFT y STROOP para predecir el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH), analizando la validez del modelo para el diagnóstico del trastorno. Se estudió una muestra de 100 casos de TDAH (criterios DSM-IV) y 100 controles entre 7 y 11 años. Los controles fueron reclutados de forma aleatoria y emparejados según edad, sexo y zona sociodemográfica con los casos. Los casos presentaron en promedio mayor impulsividad (d: 1,28), menor flexibilidad cognitiva (d: ,91) y más dependencia de campo (d: 1,62) que los controles. El modelo de regresión logística que mejor predice TDAH está formado por las variables edad, CEFT, MFFT-20 y STROOP, y la fórmula derivada del modelo presenta una sensibilidad del 85% y especifidad del 85% para TDAH, tomando como prueba de referencia criterios DSM-IV. El modelo estadístico de estilos cognitivos presenta indicadores de adecuada validez diagnóstica en TDAH, contribuyendo a incrementar la objetividad en su análisis (AU)

The purpose of this study was to determine the best statistical model of cognitive styles, based on the MFFT-20, CEFT and Stroop tests to predict attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), analyzing the validity of the model for the diagnosis of the disease. We studied 100 ADHD cases (DSM-IV criteria) and 100 controls, age ranging between 7 and 11 years. Controls were randomly recruited and matched in age, gender and sociodemographic area with ADHD cases. On average, ADHD cases showed more impulsiveness (d: 1.28), less cognitive flexibility (d: 0.91) and more field dependence (d: 1.62) than controls. The logistic regression model that predicts ADHD best is made up of age, CEFT, MFFT-20 and Stroop tests and the formula derived from the model shows 85% sensitivity and 85% specificity for ADHD, regarding the DSM-IV criteria as the standard. The statistical model of cognitive styles presents valid indicators to diagnose ADHD, contributing to an increase in the objectivity of its analysis (AU)

[Utility of a statistical model of cognitive styles in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. / Utilidad de un modelo estadístico de estilos cognitivos en el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad.

The purpose of this study was to determine the best statistical model of cognitive styles, based on the MFFT-20, CEFT and Stroop tests to predict attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), analyzing the validity of the model for the diagnosis of the disease. We studied 100 ADHD cases (DSM-IV criteria) and 100 controls, age ranging between 7 and 11 years. Controls were randomly recruited and matched in age, gender and sociodemographic area with ADHD cases. On average, ADHD cases showed more impulsiveness (d: 1.28), less cognitive flexibility (d: 0.91) and more field dependence (d: 1.62) than controls. The logistic regression model that predicts ADHD best is made up of age, CEFT, MFFT-20 and Stroop tests and the formula derived from the model shows 85% sensitivity and 85% specificity for ADHD, regarding the DSM-IV criteria as the standard. The statistical model of cognitive styles presents valid indicators to diagnose ADHD, contributing to an increase in the objectivity of its analysis.

Eficacia diferencial de estrategias de afrontamiento en la reducción de la ansiedad ante los exámenes en función del tipo de variable principalmente afectada / Differential efficacy of coping strategies in the reduction of test anxiety as a function of the variable predominantly affected

Se ha realizado una investigación experimental para encontrar evidencia de los efectos diferenciales de tres programas de afrontamiento de la ansiedad ante los exámenes. Se trabajó con casos clínicos reales a lo largo de ocho años, en un contexto de investigación aplicada. Específicamente, se trataba de saber si las eventuales diferencias de los efectos de los distintos tratamientos serían desiguales en los participantes en los que predominasen distintos componentes de la ansiedad. El diseño fue un inter-intra 3 x 2 x 2 (inter) x 2 (intra) con los siguientes factores: Terapia (el factor intra-sujeto, pre y post), Tratamiento (cognitivo, fisiológico y cognitivo-fisiológico), Preocupación (altabaja) y Emocionalidad (alta o baja). Los resultados mostraron que diferentes programas de entrenamiento, en efecto, reducen el grado de ansiedad ante los exámenes y que esta reducción no se produce en la misma medida con los tres programas de intervención. Además existen diferencias en cuanto a la eficacia de las estrategias de afrontamiento en función de la variable principalmente afectada (AU)

An experimental investigation was undertaken in order to find evidence of the differential effects of three coping programs designed to reduce test anxiety. The experiment involved real clinical cases studied along eight years, in the context of applied research. Specifically, our aim was to analyse whether the effects of three different treatments were due to the predominant component of participant’s anxiety. A 3 x 2 x 2 (inter) x 2 (intra) design was employed with the following factors: Therapy (intrasubject factor, pre and post-exam), Treatment (cognitive, physiological and cognitive-physiological), Worry (high-low) and Emotionality (high or low). The results showed that different training programmes did indeed reduce the degree of test anxiety, and that the three programmes did not lead to reductions on the same scale. Furthermore, there are differences in the effectiveness of coping strategies at reducing pre-test anxiety in relation to the dominant variable (AU)

[Usefulness of the Stroop test in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. / Utilidad del test de Stroop en el trastorno por déficit de atencion/hiperactividad.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to analyse the differences in the Stroop effect between cases with attention deficit hyper-activity disorder (ADHD) and controls. It also seeks to find the best model based on the third task of the colours and words test (Stroop-CW) for predicting ADHD and to analyse the validity of the Stroop-CW test for diagnosing the disorder. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample studied consisted of 100 cases of ADHD -according to Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) criteria- and 100 controls, between 7 and 11 years of age, who were evaluated using the Stroop test. The controls were recruited at random and paired by age, sex and sociodemographic area with the cases. RESULTS: The cases present a mean cognitive style that is significantly less flexible (d = -1.06) and they also display a lower capacity to inhibit or control automatic responses than the controls at all ages (7 years: d = 1.67; 8 years: d = 1.02; 9 years: d = 1.32; 10 years: d = 2.04; 11 years: d = 0.89). The model of logistic regression analysis that best predicts ADHD is made up of age and Stroop-CW. The formulation derived from the model offers a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 72%, taking the criteria of the DSM-IV for ADHD as the reference test. CONCLUSIONS: The Stroop-CW test presents usefulness and complementary criteria validity for the diagnosis of ADHD.

Utilidad del test de Stroop en el trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad / Usefulness of the Stroop test in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Objetivos. Analizar las diferencias entre casos de trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) y controles en el efecto Stroop, y buscar el mejor modelo basado en la tercera prueba del test de colores y palabras (Stroop-PC) que permita predecir el TDAH y analizar la validez del Stroop-PC para el diagnóstico del trastorno. Sujetos y métodos. Se estudia una muestra de 100 casos de TDAH –criterios del Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, 4 ed. (DSM-IV)– y 100 controles, entre 7 y 11 años, evaluados mediante el test de Stroop. Los controles fueron reclutados de forma aleatoria y emparejados según la edad, el sexo y la zona sociodemográfica con los casos. Resultados. Los casos presentan un estilo cognitivo medio significativamente menos flexible (d = –1,06) y reflejan menor capacidad para inhibir o controlar respuestas automáticas que los controles en todas las edades (7 años: d = –1,67; 8 años: d = –1,02; 9 años: d = –1,32; 10 años: d = –2,04; 11 años: d = –0,89). El modelo de regresión logística que mejor predice el TDAH está formado por edad y Stroop-PC. La formulación derivada del modelo presenta una sensibilidad del 81% y una especificidad del 72%, tomando como prueba de referencia los criterios del DSM-IV para el TDAH. Conclusiones. El Stroop-PC presenta utilidad y validez de criterio complementaria para el diagnóstico de TDAH (AU)

Aims. The aim of this study is to analyse the differences in the Stroop effect between cases with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and controls. It also seeks to find the best model based on the third task of the colours and words test (Stroop-CW) for predicting ADHD and to analyse the validity of the Stroop-CW test for diagnosing the disorder. Subjects and methods. The sample studied consisted of 100 cases of ADHD –according to Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) criteria– and 100 controls, between 7 and 11 years of age, who were evaluated using the Stroop test. The controls were recruited at random and paired by age, sex and sociodemographic area with the cases. Results. The cases present a mean cognitive style that is significantly less flexible (d = –1.06) and they also display a lower capacity to inhibit or control automatic responses than the controls at all ages (7 years: d = 1.67; 8 years: d = 1.02; 9 years: d = 1.32; 10 years: d = 2.04; 11 years: d = 0.89). The model of logistic regression analysis that best predicts ADHD is made up of age and Stroop-CW. The formulation derived from the model offers a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 72%, taking the criteria of the DSM-IV for ADHD as the reference test. Conclusions. The Stroop-CW test presents usefulness and complementary criteria validity for the diagnosis of ADHD(AU)

Utilidad del Children's Embedded Figures Test en el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad / Utility of Children’s Embedded Figures Tests in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

El estudio analiza diferencias entre casos de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) y controles en su modo global / analítico de procesar la información, buscando el mejor modelo basado en el Children’s Embedded Figures Test (CEFT) que permita predecir TDAH y analizando la validez de la prueba para el diagnóstico del trastorno. Se estudia una muestra de 100 casos de TDAH (criterios DSM-IV) y 100 controles, entre 7 y 11 años, evaluados mediante el CEFT. Los controles fueron reclutados de forma aleatoria y emparejados según edad, sexo y zona sociodemográfica con los casos. Los casos presentan un estilo cognitivo medio significativamente mas dependiente de campo (d = 1.36), reflejando un modo de procesamiento mas global que los controles en todas las edades. El modelo de regresión logística que mejor predice TDAH está formado por edad, sexo y CEFT. La formulación derivada del modelo presenta sensibilidad del 80% y especifidad del 84%, tomando como prueba de referencia criterios DSM-IV para TDAH. Concluimos valorando que el CEFTpresenta utilidad y adecuada validez de criterio para TDAH (AU)

Objectives: To assess the differences among patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and control subjects, in relation to their global/analytical way of processing information and to find the best model based in Children´s Embedded Figures Test (CEFT) which permits prediction and diagnosis of ADHD, and analyzing the validity of the test for the diagnostic of the disease. Method: We study 100 ADHD cases (DSM-IV criteria) and 100 controls, ranging between 7 and 11 years of age, analyzed with CEFT. Controls were randomly recruited and matched by age, gender and sociodemography area with cases. Results: Cases show an average cognitive style significantly more field dependent (d = 1.36), reflecting a more global way of processing information than controls at all ages. The logistic regression model that best predicts ADHD is constituted by age, gender and CEFT direct marks and the derived formula from the model shows an 80% of sensitivity and a 84% specificity for ADHD, taking as gold standard the DSM-IV criteria. Conclusion: CEFT test shows utility and of appropriate validity for diagnosing ADHD (AU)

Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad: comorbilidad con trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad / Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: comorbidity with depressive and anxiety disorders

El estudio analiza el perfil comórbido del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) y trastornos depresivos y/o de ansiedad (TI), explorando el modelo que predice esta asociación psicopatológica. Se analiza una muestra de 90 casos con TDAH (6-16 años) y mediante investigación diferencial se compara la agrupación TDAH+TI con la ausencia de esta comorbilidad. El caso de TDAH se define según criterios DSM-IV y la comorbilidad mediante el CSI. Se consideran las variables perfil intelectual, resultados académicos, dimensión relacional y antecedentes psiquiátricos. Se utilizan estadísticos descriptivos y exploratorios, implementando un procedimiento de regresión logística. Los resultados reflejan que los casos de TDAH presentan alteración en dimensiones académicas, relacionales, familiares y clínicas. No se aprecia un perfil diferencial entre TDAH+TI y TDAH sin TI. Se concluye que con nuestros datos y diseño de trabajo no poseemos evidencia empírica de que el modelo propuesto prediga TDAH+TI (p<0.05) (AU)

The study analyses the profile of comorbidity of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Depressive / Anxiety Disorders (ID), exploring the pattern that could predict this psychopathological association. A sample of 90 cases of ADHD is analysed (6-16 years). The differential investigation compares the grouping ADHD+ID with the absence of this comorbidity. ADHD was defined according to DSM-IV criteria, whereas comorbidity was defined by means of CSI. The following variables were considered: intelligent profile, academic results, relational dimension and previous psychiatric history. Descriptive and exploratory statistics were used, implementing a procedure of logistic regression.The analysis of the sample of ADHD reports alterations in the following dimensions: academic, relational, familiar and clinical. Significant differences are not appreciated between ADHD+ID and ADHD without ID. It can be concluded according to these results that there is no empirical evidence for a predicted value of ADHD+ID with the proposed pattern (p <0.05) (AU)

Trastorno por deficit de atencion con hiperactividad: evolucion en dimensiones clinicas, cognitivas, académicas y relacionales / Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: development of clinical, cognitive, academic and social dimensions

El estudio analiza el desarrollo a través de la edad de dimensiones clínicas, cognitivas, académicas y relacionales en casos clínicos de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH). Metodología de investigación: Se analiza una muestra de 90 casos con TDAH (6-16 años), con un diseño seccional, comparaciones transversales y criterios de investigación diferencial en función de la edad. El caso de TDAH se valoró según criterios DSM-IV y se consideraron las variables perfil intelectual, resultados académicos, dimensión relacional y comorbilidad. Se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos y exploratorios, implementando un procedimiento de regresión lineal. Resultados: Los casos de TDAH analizados presentan importante alteración en dimensiones clínicas, académicas y relacionales. Solo los resultados académicos se deterioran progresivamente con la edad (p<0.05) (AU)

The study analyses the development through the age of clinical, cognitive, academic and social dimensions, in clinical cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Investigation methodology: A sample of 90 cases of ADHD is analysed (6-16 years). The design is sectional, transverse comparisons and with criterion of differential investigation in function of the age. The case of ADHD was valued according to DSM-IV criterion. There was considered the following variables: intellectual profile, academic results, relational factor and comorbidity. Descriptive and exploratory statistic was used and a procedure of lineal regression was implemented. Results: The cases of ADHD present important alteration in clinical, academic and social dimensions. Only the academic results deteriorate progressively with the age (p <0.05) (AU)